Quantum Entanglement

Different Quantum Mechanical experiments have proved that pair of particles, which traveling back to back in opposite direction even if they are worlds apart, are entangled. Any change implicated to any of them will instantly change the other particle accordingly. It is interesting that the change occurs instantly.

This is one of the discrepancies between the Special Theory of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. According to Special Relativity, nothing can travel faster than light. Instant connection between two spatially separate objects observed in Quantum Mechanics, is in contrast with the principles of the Special Relativity.

Professor Roger Penrose describes the entanglement as:

“Modern preoccupation with action-at-a-distance (to which Einstein objected) revolves around a purely quantum phenomenon. This is the celebrated thought experiment in which an 'entangled' system of two objects is created. The wave function of object # 1 is correlated with the wave function of object # 2. By the axioms of quantum mechanics a measurement of the properties of object #1 forces its wave function to collapse, instantly implies a correlated collapse in object #2 though it be arbitrarily far away.”⁵

Brent Nelson, M.A. Physics, Ph.D. Student, UC Berkeley writes: “Non-local effects...occur in quantum mechanics and they cannot be understood in terms of one thing being separate from another - some sort of global activity is taking place.”

Scientists have been puzzled by this strange phenomenon. Action at the distance without any apparent link also exists in electromagnetic field or gravity field. In case of quantum entanglement, no logical explanation, which can be agreeable by all, has been offered so far.

Aspect’s Experiment

Alain Aspect and colleagues in 1982 experimentally proved the reality of Quantum Entanglement, and the non-local actions.The diagram below sketches the experiment for more detail, please refer to http://roxanne.roxanne.org/epr/index.html or other related academic books and resources.

Aspect’s experiment for quantum entanglement²⁵

Allan Aspect designed and performed the above experiment to examine the concept of quantum entanglement.

A similar experiment has been repeated in different parts of the world since then. They all proved the entanglement exists between pair of particles that are far apart in space. Albert Einstein struggling to stick to a deterministic world suggested that there are contributing variables at work that produces this effect. He believed these variables are hidden from us because of our limited knowledge. However, the hidden variable explanation for the entanglement has been proved wrong by different experiments. Entanglement exists without any space-time link.

Quantum physics tells us that two particles are not differenttheir own individual properties. Rather, the two particles are entangled together and express a seamless unity. Here, the notion of identity and locality no longer applies.

Singularity: The Media for Quantum Entanglement

George Greenstein and Arthur G. Zajong write “Hidden behind the discrete and independent objects of the sense world is an entangled realm.”¹¹

We are looking for a realm where entanglement and unity of distant objects can take place. If by our assumption, singularity collects remote distances of our universe in one spot (singularity itself) action at a distance can be simply described. Look at an analogy of image of a landscape in a two-dimension mirror. The images of the objects, which are far apart in three-dimensional world, but are in a line perpendicular to surface of the mirror, are superimposed and in contact with each other in two-dimentiality of a mirror.As previously mentioned in no-dimension, all points will fall on top of each other. One may argue that the images fall on each other not real objects. The above statement is true, but image is carrying the information. Informationis not separate from object itself. In one view, the object is information in its totality.

Please note that, originally we have assumed that the world has a dual and complimentary nature, an objective nature and a subjective imaginary nature. These two aspects of the reality intermingle and create the world.Therefore, in this view the image is just another expression of the object.

In the Wave-function Chapter, I have assumed that objects enter informational domain (singularity) during each wavelength. The particles can exchange information instantly in this realm. Remember, there is no time element in the proposed singularity.

Ervin László, the famous Hungarian philosopher of science, postulated a similar scenario. He assumed quantum vacuum as a universal field that interact with matter.He asserts that the field:

The idea of space-time being embedded in a sea of something is nothing new. Paul Dirac also speculated that space-time is embedded in a sea of photon. He later on postulated that universe is embedded in a sea of negative electrons. However, such a sea has to have zero dimensions to be able to incorporate quantum entanglement. Singularity/Space-time duality with proposed description for wave particle function presented in this book provides such a zero size media where quantum entanglement can materialize.

The description of entanglement in this model is compatible with the Special Relativity because it infers that although a pair of particles may be far apart in space-time, in singularity domain they are related. Therefore, information does not actually travel beyond speed of light in space-time to reach the other particle.

This is another indication that the presented concept deserves attention.The explanation for action-at-a-distance is embedded in this model. As far as I know, there is not many theories out there that offers an explanation for quantum entanglement phenomenon.

Quantum Tunneling

Cassimir Effect
Courtesy of Nahid Sahel Gozin

During its wave function, if a particle encounters a barrier where it cannot occupy an energy state (can not be present in the space-time), it tunnels and appears on the other side of the barrier.Quantum tunneling also does not have any explanation with Newtonian Physics. An explanation can be offered for the phenomenon that is similar the one that I offered for wave particle function. In quantum tunneling if condition does not allow, the trace of particle will not resurface and stays in singularity and shows up again when the obstacle in space-time is bypassed.