Interaction of Forces

Having quantified the electrostatic and strong charges, we can quantify the weak interaction. The proportion of electrostatic charge to strong charge is equal to 8Ï€ times the fine structure of the onn.

                  9.1

Fine Structure of the Proton and Neutron

The Standard Model of physics does not adequately recognize the unique fine structures of the proton and neutron. However, we can calculate the proton fine structure and neutron fine structure based on the assumption that all onta share a similar construction.

Based upon the structure of equation 9.1, we can calculate the fine structures of the proton and neutron.

                   9.2

                   9.3

Because each onn has its own strong charge, it will also have its own "weak interaction" constant. Designating p and n as the fine structure constants of the proton and neutron, respectively, we can write:

                   9.4

                   9.5

Equations 9.1, 9.4, and 9.5 represent the unified charge equations for each onn. Taken together these equations are the basis for the Unified Force Theory.

Charge Geometry

The unified charge equations dictate a general geometry for the onta. The concept of charge geometry is new, so we will explain how spherical electrostatic charge geometry converts to steradian, strong charge geometry.

Figure 4 illustrates the two charges of the electron. Electrostatic charge has the solid angle of 1 (tiny yellow sphere in center of light green sphere) while the strong charge has the solid angle of a steradian (projected as the dark green band. The graphic is only for conceptualizing the solid angles; it does not represent the shape of an electron.

The strong charge has a solid angle equal to of the spherical electrostatic charge. The electrostatic charge has 1-spin due to its geometrical relation to spherical Aether resonance. The strong charge has ½ spin, due to the ½ spin of the onn (subatomic particle) angular momentum. Therefore, multiplying ½ spin by 2 converts ½ spin to 1-spin. Multiplying the steradian solid angle of strong charge by 4Ï€ converts the strong charge steradian solid angle to a solid angle sphere.  Therefore, the geometrical constant relating electrostatic charge to strong charge is equal to:

                   9.6

The electron shape follows the spin position shape of the quantum Aether unit.

Due to Aether having five-dimensional space-resonance, the electron shape appears as in the loxodrome image in figure 5. However, since our human perception moves through linear time, the four-dimensional perspective of space-time applies. Hence, the electron appears to physically embodied humans, made from half spin matter, as a cardioid, as in figure 6.

Laws of Forces

There are three recognized forces, the gravitational, electrostatic, and strong force. The weak interaction is not a force at all, but merely a proportion of the electrostatic and strong forces. The gravitational force is directly proportional to the strong force by way of a universal mass to strong charge ratio.

                   10.1

It is due to this universal proportionality of mass to strong charge that Albert Einstein incorrectly developed GR based upon gravity, when it should have based upon the relationship between electrostatic and strong charge. The electrostatic force, weak interaction, and strong force all work together. The electrostatic force law works for electrostatic charge at a relatively long distance, but not at a very close distance. In addition, the strong charge law works for electromagnetic charge at a very close distance, but not at a relatively long distance. The two forces actually trade off, depending on the distance between the charged bodies. GR should have developed around the unified charge equations. The example of the proton unified charge equation notates below with the generalized Einstein field equation:

                   10.2

                   10.3

Electrostatic Force Law (Coulomb's Law)

The Coulomb law is the law governing the force between electrostatic charges. Coulomb's experiments with the torsion balance involved spherical surfaces to maximize electrostatic potential. Coulomb claimed that the distance squared was inversely proportional to the amount of the electrostatic charges (although some scientists question whether he actually observed this^[i]):

                   10.4

In expression 10.4, where is Coulomb's electrostatic constant, represents the electrostatic charge, L is the distance between the charges, and F is the resultant force. Coulomb observed that the above law does not hold when the charges become very close to each other.^[ii] This is because the strong charge begins to take over. However, the boundary between the electrostatic charge dominance and the electromagnetic charge dominance is gradual. We hypothesize that the balance between these two forces results in the weak interaction.

Gravitational Law

                   10.5

Sir Isaac Newton developed the gravitational law as in expression 10.5. G is the Newton gravitational constant, M₁ and M₂ are two masses, L is the distance between the masses, and F is the force between the masses. Early in the study of gravity, Henry Cavendish made very accurate measurements of the value of G. ^[iii]  Information is widely available concerning the nature of the gravitational law, therefore it is not further elaborated here.

Strong Force Law

The strong force law was, before this paper, unknown to modern physics. According to the Standard Model, the strong force is, "in physics, the force that holds particles together in the atomic nucleus and the force that holds quarks together in elementary particles."^[iv] There is no practical equation for calculating the strong force in the Standard Model because the pi meson and gluon are not practical strong force carriers.

However, the strong force calculates in the Aether Physics Model using the electromagnetic charge, or strong charge. The strong force law is similar in structure to that of the electrostatic force law and the gravitational law. As in the case of the electrostatic law, the product of two strong charges calculates from a single dimension of each charge. Since the binding force causes the protons and neutrons to have large "small radii" and small "large radii," the onta appear spherical. Thus, the Coulomb constant is the force mediator instead of the Aether unit constant.

                   10.6

The strong force of the neutron is similarly calculated:

                   10.7

The strong force law for free protons and free neutrons likely begins by using the Aether unit constant, but graduates to using the Coulomb constant once the onta bind. This is because free protons and free neutrons are more toroidal in shape, while bound onta are spherical in shape. ^[v]

Since the Aether is always acting upon strong charge, whether or not there is another onn present, the strong force per onn is actually the strong force of a single onn. In other words, the Aether is acting on onta to produce force even when there is no other onn around to interact with the force. This must be so since the onta have no proximity system that can sense when another onn is nearby, and then react to it.

The total nuclear binding force is the sum of all force acting upon onta in an atomic nucleus. The total force acting upon a single neutron, even though there are no other neutrons or protons nearby is:

                   10.8

However, due to the changing of the onta radii during binding, the total strong force for an atomic nucleus of deuterium is:

                   10.9

The nuclear strong force expression is then:

                   10.10

where Z is the number of protons and N is the number of neutrons in the nucleus. The nuclear strong force equation quantifies nuclear binding force. A nuclear binding energy equation that predicts the nuclear binding energy for all isotopes is within reach, although work on this equation is not complete.

Force Carrier Relative Strengths

In the Aether Physics Model, the force carriers are the electrostatic charge, electromagnetic charge, and mass. The so-called "weak force" is a proportion of electrostatic charge to electromagnetic charge. Since the Standard Model experiments, which determine the relative strengths of the forces expressed in single-dimension charge, we will have to compare the square root of APM charges to the Standard Model charges in order to observe the relative strengths.

In terms of electrostatic charge, the proton and neutron strong charges are each nearly 100 times greater in magnitude. The electron strong charge is only 2.335 times stronger than the electrostatic charge. The Standard Model does not recognize the strong charge of the electron, but if it did, we would likely observe it in electron plasmas.

                   10.11

                   10.12

                   10.13

                   10.14

The weak nuclear interaction calculates for the proton and neutron as:

                   10.15

                   10.16

Since both results are already ratios comparing the electrostatic charge to strong charge, they remain just as they are.