Definitions - Dimensions

A dimension, as defined here, is a non-material, measurable quality relating to the foundation of existence and being. The definitions presented below are essential to the foundation of the Aether Physics Model. The definitions were determined by critically analyzing empirical data and the equations used to express the data. For details beyond those given below, see Secrets of the Aether.

Quantum Mass

The concepts of "mass to energy equivalence" and "rest mass" ^[i] have no meaning within the APM. Dimensions are components of units, but not equal to units. In this theory, mass as a dimension has a different order of reality^[ii] than energy as a unit. Let us define mass as a dimension, which when given a quantity, becomes a measurement of inertia. The primary quantity of mass in this theory is the mass of the electron () (as opposed to the kilogram or gram). If we need to use a mass quantity in analyzing the behavior of other than the electron, we simply reference it as for the proton, for the neutron, and for the mass associated with the Aether. Mass cannot be directly observed, but attributes can be inferred from the arrangements of mass dimensions within units. Since mass usually appears as a single dimension in a unit, let us then assume the geometry of the mass dimension is linear in nature. Since we will deduce that the environment at the quantum level curves, the linear nature of mass would also curve. When the mass dimension multiplies the length dimension, it produces a quantum structure we call the ligamen circulatus (LC). ^[iii] Think of the LC as a circular string of mass.

Quantum Charge

Let us define charge as a dimension, which when given a quantity, measures electricity. There are two manifestations of charge, electrostatic and electromagnetic. In the SM, the electromagnetic charge quantifies as a relativistic expression of electrostatic charge. In the APM, electromagnetic charge quantifies using simple Newtonian type expressions with dimensions of Coulomb squared.

From observation, we see that charge covers a surface, yet leaves no null spaces in between charges. Since charge exists over a distributed length (area), let us then assume that charge dimensions are also distributed. In the APM, the quantum electrostatic charge is the same value as the elementary charge in the SM, except its dimensions modifies to represent distributed charge. Therefore, we notate the quantum electrostatic charge as . Charles Coulomb also proposed the distribution of charge.^[iv]

There is a second type of charge, named electromagnetic, or strong charge, which notates as  for the electron, for the proton, for the neutron, and  for the Aether.  The strong charge quantifies as the angular momentum of the subatomic particle times the conductance of the Aether and has a quantifiably different geometry than the electrostatic charge, as explained later in this paper.  All charge is distributed, although there is no length associated with this geometry unless the distributed length dimensions specifically appear with charge dimensions in a unit (such as ).

The dimension of charge is not the same as an electron or proton.  Therefore, in the Aether Physics Model it cannot be said that a quantity of charges exist in a given volume of space.  It would be correct to say that electrons and protons have distributed charge, and that electrons and protons exist in a given volume of space.

Quantum Length

Let us define length as a dimension, which when given a quantity, measures distance.  By applying a technique unique to the APM called Quantum Measurement Analysis, we can determine that the Compton wavelength is the quantum length to which the whole Universe is constructed.  We will take the specific case of Planck's constant; however, this technique applies to all the quantum constants.  Planck's constant calculates to be:

                    4.1

According to Max Planck, this constant is the "quantum of action." ^[v]  Since there are only three subatomic particles that can "act" at the quantum level (electron, proton, and neutron), and the electron is the most mobile of the three, let us assume that the quantum of action refers directly to the electron.  Therefore, we can deduce that the mass dimension represents by the mass of the electron.  This leaves three remaining dimensions, two of which produce the unit of velocity.  Let us assume that the quantum velocity is the speed of light.  This leaves a remainder:

                    4.2

which is equal to the Compton wavelength.  Therefore, let us define the quantum length as the Compton wavelength and notate it as.

                      4.3

Quantum Frequency

Let us define frequency as a dimension, which when given a quantity, measures duration.  Normally we think in terms of time dimension.  Nevertheless, all of our time-keeping devices measure directly as frequency.In the APM, frequency is the dimension normally expressed, as evidenced by time dimension appearing in the denominator of unit expressions.  Once familiarity develops for cardinal and ordinal values of dimensions, frequency as the normal dimension makes more sense.  Using the method of Quantum Measurement Analysis, we define the quantum frequency as the quotient of the speed of light divided by the quantum length and notates as.

                    4.4

Reciprocal Relationships

All dimensions have both an obverse and reciprocal characteristic.  We can think of the obverse dimension as flat or linear and the reciprocal dimension as curved or cyclical.In general, the reciprocal dimension reads as obverse cycles per reciprocal unit.  For example, time is an obverse dimension and has a linear characteristic, while its reciprocal, frequency is cycles per time.  The same logic applies to the obverse dimension of length, which is linear, and its reciprocal of wave number, which is a cycle per length.

There is also a reciprocal aspect to mass.  We can consider reciprocal mass as inertia that cycles positive and then negative.  A reciprocating piston cycles inertia along the forward and backward length dimension.  However, in the Aether and Gforce constants, the mass of the Aether cycles inertia along the forward and backward time dimensions (or frequency dimension).  Although the Aether has a huge reciprocal mass associated with it, its net inertia appears as zero.

Reciprocal mass also manifests in gravity.  In the APM, the mass of the electron cannot exist apart from its quantum of action, which is angular momentum.  In the APM, we call this quantum of action primary angular momentum and view it as a particular form of existence.^[vi] In addition, primary angular momentum, which does not exist within the Aether, names dark matter (in the sense widely used in modern astrophysics).  When dark matter is absorbed into a quantum Aether unit, the Aether imparts various qualities of charge to the primary angular momentum, and thus it becomes visible matter (and antimatter).

Let us assume that primary angular momentum can only spin in the forward direction of time, thus as the Aether inertia oscillates between forward and backward time, the primary angular momentum only sees half the cycle.  Therefore, primary angular momentum has half-spin. ^{[vii] [viii]} It is assumed that when the Gforce acts upon the mass dimension within primary angular momentum, it can exert either a push or a pull, but not both.Whether the Gforce exerts a push or a pull on the mass dimension appears to depend on the spin parity of the subatomic particle.  Thus, matter would attract to matter and antimatter would attract to antimatter, but matter would repel antimatter.

Charge is a misunderstood dimension.  Current is the only unit in widespread use where charge is obverse.  In the unit of current, charge is a linear quantity.  However, charge normally appears in the denominator of other unit expressions, and expresses in its reciprocal form.In the reciprocal form, we read cycles per charge.  For example, potential is the unit of energy per charge.  Magnetic flux is angular momentum per charge.  Resistance is magnetic flux per charge, and so on.

In the SM, there is only one type of charge quanta, the elementary charge.In an attempt to quantify the strong force, the SM assumed the existence of gluons and pions and defined the charges in terms of color and flavor. ^[viii] As such, the concept of angular momentum per charge sounds meaningless within the SM.  However, in the APM, there are two types of quantum charge and the elementary charge is the less significant of the two.  The electromagnetic charge is the charge referred to in all charge related units except magnetic moment.In the case of magnetic moment, the unit refers to both types of charge, as explained in section 11 of this paper.  It is because the units generally refer to electromagnetic charge, and not electrostatic charge, and the SM does not quantify the electromagnetic charge of each subatomic particle relative to the electrostatic charge, that the SM is not capable of unifying the forces.

Ordinal Relationships

We postulate in the APM that the numerator in a physics expression tends mathematically to have a cardinal value (quantity), and the denominator tends mathematically to have an ordinal value (position).  From a physics perspective, we could identify the numerator as an absolute dimension, and identify the denominator as a relative dimension.  Multiplication takes place between cardinal-valued-absolute-dimensions and it takes place between ordinal-valued-relative-dimensions.  However, cardinal-valued-absolute-dimensions divide by ordinal-valued-relative-dimensions and vice versa.  The absolute quantity also equates to objectivity, while the relative position equates to subjectivity, or environment.

Mass is a cardinal valued dimension, and reciprocal mass is an ordinal valued dimension.  The Gforce and Aether derive from reciprocal mass and thus are ordinal, or relative, in nature, as opposed to the physical manifestation of mass we are familiar with, which is cardinal, or absolute, in nature.

Charge is a reciprocal dimension in most cases.  When it appears as an obverse dimension (as in the unit of current) then charge is an objective quantity.  However, charge most often appears as an ordinal value, and thus applies to the subjective environment.

We can think of cardinal mass and charge as being associated with objective reality, while ordinal mass and charge is associated with environmental, or subjective, reality.  The environment is non-material, but the quantification of the environment is as essential for understanding existence as the quantification of the matter that abides in it.

Explaining Gforce in Terms of Ordinal Mass

The value of Gforce derives in the APM to: ^[ix]

                    4.5

Consider two obverse masses equal in total value to the mass associated with the Aether.  With being the Newton gravitational constant, which has been determined to a reasonable degree of accuracy, ^[x] let these masses be one quantum length distant from each other.  The resulting force between them will be

                   4.6

Transposing we see that Gforce is environmental, or subjective.

                    4.7

The value of the Aether unit derives in the APM to: ^[xi]

                    4.8

is the Aether electromagnetic constant and is the Coulomb electrostatic constant.  If we take two objective quantities of charge equal to the strong charge of the Aether (see Quantum Values below), and separate them by one quantum length:

                   4.9

Then environmental Gforce is also reciprocal to the objective quantity of strong charge:

                    4.10

(When distributed charges multiply, empirically only one dimension from each distributed charge is used.)

Quantum Values

Relationship of Dimensions to Form

Let us assume that the dimensions of length and frequency develop geometry, while the dimensions of mass and charge develop substance.  The geometrical and substance dimensions relate to specific geometrical constants.  Due to resonance in the Aether unit, the Aether has curved geometry, of which the curved geometry, itself, takes on the nature of dimension.

There is a progression of geometry within the Aether.Observing that mass appears as a single dimension throughout the units, we can assume that mass has a linear quality.  Since a circle is a curved, linear structure, let us correlate the 2π geometrical constant with mass.

In addition, since the APM defines charge as distributed, we can assume that charge has a surface quality.  The resonance within the Aether unit generates two spheres, which also observes to correlate with a type of static frequency we can call electrostatic charge.  The value of this static frequency of electrostatic charge is the source of the elementary charge.  Let us then assume that electrostatic charge is spherical and has the 4Ï€ geometrical constant.

We find in the APM that electromagnetic charge is equal to angular momentum times the conductance of the Aether.

                   4.11

We will find that the angular momentum models as a circular string of mass (LC) moving perpendicular in a greater circle.  Since a toroid is a small circle scanning a larger circle, let us assume that electromagnetic charge correlates to a toroid and has the 4Ï€² geometrical constant.

The 16π² constant is equal to the spherical constant squared.  As seen in figure 1, the Aether unit hypothesizes to be two orthogonal spheres over which the double loxodrome^[xviii] of the four forward time spin positions^[xix] exists.  Each of the four spin positions will accommodate only one subatomic particle.  Since the subatomic particle is equal to its angular momentum, and that primary angular momentum spinning within the Aether unit produces toroidal strong charge, then the four spin positions multiply the toroidal constant of 4π² to produce the 16π² Aether geometrical constant.

Thus, we can see the progression of the geometrical constants.

Empirically we find that the electromagnetic constant () pertains to a time-influenced toroidal, or more accurately, a cardioidal geometry, ^[xx] and that the electrostatic constant () pertains to a spherical geometry. ^[xxi]  From equation 4.8 we can hypothesize that Coulomb's constant demonstrates a solid angle of 1 and the Aether unit demonstrates a solid angle of 16π². ^[xxii]  This also reflects when viewing the electromagnetic and electrostatic constants within the cgs system of units:

                   4.12

                   4.13

As seen in equation 4.14, the Aether is composed of three dimensions of length orthogonal to two dimensions of frequency.

                    4.14

The three dimensions of length are the two dimensions of length coincident to the surface of the double loxodrome and the one dimension of length between Aether units.  The two dimensions of frequency are coincident to the two spheres and produce the unit of resonance.  Frequency squared, according to Classical physics, is equal to resonance.

                  4.15

Classical physics chooses to view resonant frequency as the square root of resonance.  However, we can predict that the direct measurement of resonance would eliminate the need for Fourier transforms, as the data would already be in the correct dimensional form.

Notice that there are five spatial-temporal dimensions to the Aether.  There are the three dimensions of length appearing as a volume, and there are the two dimensions of frequency, appearing as resonance.  Therefore, the Aether unit actually exists as five-dimensional space-resonance, as opposed to four-dimensional space-time.

Frequency is inherently a distributed dimension in that it constantly changes direction, thus producing a curve.  Frequency squared, or resonance, is two orthogonal curves, which can resolve to a three dimensional curved surface.  This three dimensional curved surface does not involve length dimensions, but it contributes to the curved structure of the double loxodrome.  Put simply, resonance is the cause of curvature in space-time.  The double sphere of resonance appears in the Aether in conjunction with its 2-spin nature. ^[xxiii]

Remember, the mass associated with the Gforce is reciprocating inertia.  The Gforce gives rise to both the double loxodrome structure and the resonance by acting upon the quantum dimensions of length squared per Aether strong charge.

                  4.16

The resonance occurs to the direction of time.  There is a forward and backward direction of time, with which the reciprocating inertia of the Gforce is oscillating.

The Aether unit is composed of four discrete spin positions.  There are the two positive spin positions (positron and proton) and the two negative spin positions (electron and anti-proton).  The electron and proton are both left hand spin and the positron and anti-proton are right hand spin.  This agrees with violation of spin parity theory advanced by Tsung Dao Leeand Chen Ning Yang. ^[xxiv]  These Aether spin positions have no inherent physical matter in them, but provide the space-resonance in which subatomic particles can exist.

Summing up quantum frequency, there are three axes.  The first axis of quantum frequency is that of forward and backward time.  The second axis of quantum frequency is that of right and left hand spin.  These first two axes of quantum frequency are dynamic. The third axis of quantum frequency is static, and is that of positive and negative electrostatic charge.

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